Human pyrophosphatase

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a human pyrophosphatase (HPYP) and polynucleotides which identify and encode HPYP. The invention also provides genetically engineered expression vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid sequences encoding HPYP and a method for producing HPYP. The invention also provides for use of HPYP and agonists, antibodies, or antagonists specifically binding HPYP, in the prevention and treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Additionally, the invention provides for the use of antisense molecules to polynucleotides encoding HPYP for the treatment of diseases associated with the expression of HPYP. The invention also provides diagnostic assays which utilize the polynucleotide, or fragments or the complement thereof, and antibodies specifically binding HPYP.

This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser.No. 08/741,437, filed Oct. 31, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,665.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of anovel inorganic pyrophosphatase and to the use of these sequences in thediagnosis, prevention, and treatment of inflammatory diseases andcancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) is produced in living cells in numerousmetabolic pathways. These include the synthesis of polymers such as DNA,RNA, protein, and polysaccharides as well as small molecules such ascyclic-GMP and cyclic-AMP. PPi is also produced by oxidativephosphorylation and glycolysis. Most of these reactions are readilyreversible in the presence of excess PPi, and PPi, itself, inhibits someof the cellular enzymes involved in these metabolic pathways. In orderto promote the forward reactions and stabilize the reaction products, itis essential that PPi be removed. The enzyme pyrophosphatase (PPase)makes this energetically favorable hydrolysis of PPi possible.

PPase has been studied extensively in yeast and bacteria. Its activityhas been shown to be essential for cell viability, and it may beessential for the fidelity of DNA replication as well. PPase is widelydistributed in mammalian tissues where its activity varies widely.Little is known about how PPase activity is regulated in mammals orabout the functions of PPase isolated from specific tissues. Multipleisoforms of PPase have, however, been found in humans and a number ofother animals, perhaps indicating that there are functionally distinctisoforms of the enzyme in mammals. Bovine retina contains the highestlevel of PPase activity found in any mammalian tissue, and this enzymehas been sequenced and characterized (Yang, Z and Wensel, T G (1992) JBiol Chem 267: 24634-40, 24641-7). PPase activity was found to beessential for controlling PPi levels and the synthesis and degradationof cGMP which, in turn, controls the process of phototransduction inthese cells.

The discovery of polynucleotides encoding pyrophosphatase, and themolecules themselves, presents the opportunity to investigate the roleof pyrophosphatase in controlling the various metabolic pathways incells involving PPi synthesis. The discovery of new pyrophosphatasemolecules satisfies a need in the art by providing new diagnostic ortherapeutic compositions useful in the treatment of diseases andconditions associated with uncontrolled cell signaling and cellproliferation such as inflammatory diseases and cancer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention features a novel human inorganic pyrophosphatasehereinafter designated HPYP and characterized as having similarity topyrophosphatases from human and other sources.

Accordingly, the invention features a substantially purified HPYP havingchemical homology to human, bovine, and yeast pyrophosphatases above andthe amino acid sequence, SEQ ID NO:1.

One aspect of the invention features isolated and substantially purifiedpolynucleotides that encode HPYP. In a particular aspect, thepolynucleotide is the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

The invention also relates to a polynucleotide sequence comprising thecomplement of SEQ ID NO:2 or variants thereof. In addition, theinvention features polynucleotide sequences which hybridize understringent conditions to SEQ ID NO:2.

The invention additionally features nucleic acid sequences encodingpolypeptides, oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), fragments,portions or antisense molecules thereof, and expression vectors and hostcells comprising polynucleotides that encode HPYP. The present inventionalso features antibodies which bind specifically to HPYP, andpharmaceutical compositions comprising substantially purified HPYP. Theinvention also features the use of agonists and antagonists of HPYP.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D show the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) andnucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) of HPYP. The alignment was producedusing MACDNASIS PRO™ software (Hitachi Software Engineering Co., Ltd.,San Bruno, Calif.).

FIG. 2A and 2B show the amino acid sequence alignments among HPYP (SEQID NO:1), a partial sequence of the human pyrophosphatase (GI 727225;SEQ ID NO:3), bovine pyrophosphatase (GI 585322; SEQ ID NO:4) and yeastpyrophosphatase (GI 4199; SEQ ID NO:5). The alignment was produced usingthe multisequence alignment program of DNASTAR™ software (DNASTAR Inc,Madison Wis.).

FIG. 3 shows the hydrophobicity plot (MACDNASIS PRO™) for HPYP, SEQ IDNO:1; the positive X axis reflects amino acid position, and the negativeY axis, hydrophobicity.

FIG. 4 shows the hydrophobicity plot for bovine pyrophosphatase, SEQ IDNO:4.

FIG. 5 shows the northern analysis for SEQ ID NO:2. The northernanalysis was produced electronically using LIFESEQ FL® database (IncytePharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.).

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Before the present proteins, nucleotide sequences, and methods aredescribed, it is understood that this invention is not limited to theparticular methodology, protocols, cell lines, vectors, and reagentsdescribed as these may vary. It is also to be understood that theterminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the presentinvention which will be limited only by the appended claims.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, thesingular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural reference unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "ahost cell" includes a plurality of such host cells, reference to the"antibody" is a reference to one or more antibodies and equivalentsthereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods,devices, and materials are now described. All publications mentionedherein are incorporated by reference for the purpose of describing anddisclosing the cell lines, vectors, and methodologies which are reportedin the publications which might be used in connection with theinvention. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that theinvention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of priorinvention.

Definitions

"Nucleic acid sequence" as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide,nucleotide, or polynucleotide, and fragments or portions thereof, and toDNA or RNA of genomic or synthetic origin which may be single- ordouble-stranded, and represent the sense or antisense strand. Similarly,"amino acid sequence" as used herein refers to an oligopeptide, peptide,polypeptide, or protein sequence and fragments or portions thereof, of anaturally occurring or synthetic molecule.

Where "amino acid sequence" is recited herein to refer to an amino acidsequence of a naturally occurring protein molecule, "amino acidsequence" and like terms, such as "polypeptide" or "protein" are notmeant to limit the amino acid sequence to the complete, native aminoacid sequence associated with the recited protein molecule.

"Peptide nucleic acid", as used herein, refers to a molecule whichcomprises an oligomer to which an amino acid residue, such as lysine,and an amino group have been added. These small molecules, alsodesignated anti-gene agents, stop transcript elongation by binding totheir complementary strand of nucleic acid (Nielsen, P. E. et al. (1993)Anticancer Drug Des. 8: 53-63).

HPYP, as used herein, refers to the amino acid sequences ofsubstantially purified HPYP obtained from any species, particularlymammalian, including bovine, ovine, porcine, murine, equine, andpreferably human, from any source whether natural, synthetic,semi-synthetic, or recombinant.

"Consensus", as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid sequence which hasbeen resequenced to resolve uncalled bases, or which has been extendedusing XL-PCR™ (Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, Conn.) in the 5' and/or the 3'direction and resequenced, or which has been assembled from theoverlapping sequences of more than one Incyte clone using the GELVIEW™Fragment Assembly system (GCG, Madison, Wis.), or which has been bothextended and assembled.

A "variant" of HPYP, as used herein, refers to an amino acid sequencethat is altered by one or more amino acids. The variant may have"conservative" changes, wherein a substituted amino acid has similarstructural or chemical properties, e.g., replacement of leucine withisoleucine. More rarely, a variant may have "nonconservative" changes,e.g., replacement of a glycine with a tryptophan. Similar minorvariations may also include amino acid deletions or insertions, or both.Guidance in determining which amino acid residues may be substituted,inserted, or deleted without abolishing biological or immunologicalactivity may be found using computer programs well known in the art, forexample, DNASTAR software.

A "deletion", as used herein, refers to a change in either amino acid ornucleotide sequence in which one or more amino acid or nucleotideresidues, respectively, are absent.

An "insertion" or "addition", as used herein, refers to a change in anamino acid or nucleotide sequence resulting in the addition of one ormore amino acid or nucleotide residues, respectively, as compared to thenaturally occurring molecule.

A "substitution", as used herein, refers to the replacement of one ormore amino acids or nucleotides by different amino acids or nucleotides,respectively.

The term "biologically active", as used herein, refers to a proteinhaving structural, regulatory, or biochemical functions of a naturallyoccurring molecule. Likewise, "immunologically active" refers to thecapability of the natural, recombinant, or synthetic HPYP, or anyoligopeptide thereof, to induce a specific immune response inappropriate animals or cells and to bind with specific antibodies.

The term "agonist", as used herein, refers to a molecule which, whenbound to HPYP, causes a change in HPYP which modulates the activity ofHPYP. Agonists may include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, orany other molecules which bind to HPYP.

The terms "antagonist" or "inhibitor", as used herein, refer to amolecule which, when bound to HPYP, blocks the biological orimmunological activity of HPYP. Antagonists and inhibitors may includeproteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or any other molecules whichbind to HPYP.

The term "modulate", as used herein, refers to a change or an alterationin the biological activity of HPYP. Modulation may be an increase or adecrease in protein activity, a change in binding characteristics, orany other change in the biological, functional or immunologicalproperties of HPYP.

The term "mimetic", as used herein, refers to a molecule, the structureof which is developed from knowledge of the structure of HPYP orportions thereof and, as such, is able to effect some or all of theactions of [REF PROT]-like molecules.

The term "derivative", as used herein, refers to the chemicalmodification of a nucleic acid encoding HPYP or the encoded HPYP.Illustrative of such modifications would be replacement of hydrogen byan alkyl, acyl, or amino group. A nucleic acid derivative would encode apolypeptide which retains essential biological characteristics of thenatural molecule.

The term "substantially purified", as used herein, refers to nucleic oramino acid sequences that are removed from their natural environment,isolated or separated, and are at least 60% free, preferably 75% free,and most preferably 90% free from other components with which they arenaturally associated.

"Amplification" as used herein refers to the production of additionalcopies of a nucleic acid sequence and is generally carried out usingpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies well known in the art(Dieffenbach, C. W. and G. S. Dveksler (1995) PCR Primer, a LaboratoryManual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

The term "hybridization", as used herein, refers to any process by whicha strand of nucleic acid binds with a complementary strand through basepairing.

The term "hybridization complex", as used herein, refers to a complexformed between two nucleic acid sequences by virtue of the formation ofhydrogen binds between complementary G and C bases and betweencomplementary A and T bases; these hydrogen bonds may be furtherstabilized by base stacking interactions. The two complementary nucleicacid sequences hydrogen bond in an antiparallel configuration. Ahybridization complex may be formed in solution (e.g., C₀ t or R₀ tanalysis) or between one nucleic acid sequence present in solution andanother nucleic acid sequence immobilized on a solid support (e.g.,membranes, filters, chips, pins or glass slides to which cells have beenfixed for in situ hybridization).

The terms "complementary" or "complementarity", as used herein, refer tothe natural binding of polynucleotides under permissive salt andtemperature conditions by base-pairing. For example, for the sequence"A-G-T" binds to the complementary sequence "T-C-A". Complementaritybetween two single-stranded molecules may be "partial", in which onlysome of the nucleic acids bind, or it may be complete when totalcomplementarity exists between the single stranded molecules. The degreeof complementarity between nucleic acid strands has significant effectson the efficiency and strength of hybridization between nucleic acidstrands. This is of particular importance in amplification reactions,which depend upon binding between nucleic acids strands.

The term "homology", as used herein, refers to a degree ofcomplementarity. There may be partial homology or complete homology(i.e., identity). A partially complementary sequence is one that atleast partially inhibits an identical sequence from hybridizing to atarget nucleic acid; it is referred to using the functional term"substantially homologous." The inhibition of hybridization of thecompletely complementary sequence to the target sequence may be examinedusing a hybridization assay (Southern or northern blot, solutionhybridization and the like) under conditions of low stringency. Asubstantially homologous sequence or probe will compete for and inhibitthe binding (i.e., the hybridization) of a completely homologoussequence or probe to the target sequence under conditions of lowstringency. This is not to say that conditions of low stringency aresuch that non-specific binding is permitted; low stringency conditionsrequire that the binding of two sequences to one another be a specific(i.e., selective) interaction. The absence of non-specific binding maybe tested by the use of a second target sequence which lacks even apartial degree of complementarity (e.g., less than about 30% identity);in the absence of non-specific binding, the probe will not hybridize tothe second non-complementary target sequence.

As known in the art, numerous equivalent conditions may be employed tocomprise either low or high stringency conditions. Factors such as thelength and nature (DNA, RNA, base composition) of the sequence, natureof the target (DNA, RNA, base composition, presence in solution orimmobilization, etc.), and the concentration of the salts and othercomponents (e.g., the presence or absence of formamide, dextran sulfateand/or polyethylene glycol) are considered and the hybridizationsolution may be varied to generate conditions of either low or highstringency different from, but equivalent to, the above listedconditions.

The term "stringent conditions", as used herein, is the "stringency"which occurs within a range from about Tm-5° C. (5° C. below the meltingtemperature (Tm) of the probe) to about 20° C. to 25° C. below Tm. Aswill be understood by those of skill in the art, the stringency ofhybridization may be altered in order to identify or detect identical orrelated polynucleotide sequences.

The term "antisense", as used herein, refers to nucleotide sequenceswhich are complementary to a specific DNA or RNA sequence. The term"antisense strand" is used in reference to a nucleic acid strand that iscomplementary to the "sense" strand. Antisense molecules may be producedby any method, including synthesis by ligating the gene(s) of interestin a reverse orientation to a viral promoter which permits the synthesisof a complementary strand. Once introduced into a cell, this transcribedstrand combines with natural sequences produced by the cell to formduplexes. These duplexes then block either the further transcription ortranslation. In this manner, mutant phenotypes may be generated. Thedesignation "negative" is sometimes used in reference to the antisensestrand, and "positive" is sometimes used in reference to the sensestrand.

The term "portion", as used herein, with regard to a protein (as in "aportion of a given protein") refers to fragments of that protein. Thefragments may range in size from four amino acid residues to the entireamino acid sequence minus one amino acid. Thus, a protein "comprising atleast a portion of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1" encompassesthe full-length human HPYP and fragments thereof.

"Transformation", as defined herein, describes a process by whichexogenous DNA enters and changes a recipient cell. It may occur undernatural or artificial conditions using various methods well known in theart. Transformation may rely on any known method for the insertion offoreign nucleic acid sequences into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic hostcell. The method is selected based on the host cell being transformedand may include, but is not limited to, viral infection,electroporation, lipofection, and particle bombardment. Such"transformed" cells include stably transformed cells in which theinserted DNA is capable of replication either as an autonomouslyreplicating plasmid or as part of the host chromosome. They also includecells which transiently express the inserted DNA or RNA for limitedperiods of time.

The term "antigenic determinant", as used herein, refers to that portionof a molecule that makes contact with a particular antibody (i.e., anepitope). When a protein or fragment of a protein is used to immunize ahost animal, numerous regions of the protein may induce the productionof antibodies which bind specifically to a given region orthree-dimensional structure on the protein; these regions or structuresare referred to as antigenic determinants. An antigenic determinant maycompete with the intact antigen (i.e., the immunogen used to elicit theimmune response) for binding to an antibody.

The terms "specific binding" or "specifically binding", as used herein,in reference to the interaction of an antibody and a protein or peptide,mean that the interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particularstructure (i.e., the antigenic determinant or epitope) on the protein;in other words, the antibody is recognizing and binding to a specificprotein structure rather than to proteins in general. For example, if anantibody is specific for epitope "A", the presence of a proteincontaining epitope A (or free, unlabeled A) in a reaction containinglabeled "A" and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A boundto the antibody.

The term "sample", as used herein, is used in its broadest sense. Abiological sample suspected of containing nucleic acid encoding HPYP orfragments thereof may comprise a cell, chromosomes isolated from a cell(e.g., a spread of metaphase chromosomes), genomic DNA (in solution orbound to a solid support such as for Southern analysis), RNA (insolution or bound to a solid support such as for northern analysis),cDNA (in solution or bound to a solid support), an extract from cells ora tissue, and the like.

The term "correlates with expression of a polynucleotide", as usedherein, indicates that the detection of the presence of ribonucleic acidthat is similar to SEQ ID NO:2 by northern analysis is indicative of thepresence of mRNA encoding HPYP in a sample and thereby correlates withexpression of the transcript from the polynucleotide encoding theprotein.

"Alterations" in the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:2, as used herein,comprise any alteration in the sequence of polynucleotides encoding HPYPincluding deletions, insertions, and point mutations that may bedetected using hybridization assays. Included within this definition isthe detection of alterations to the genomic DNA sequence which encodesHPYP (e.g., by alterations in the pattern of restriction fragment lengthpolymorphisms capable of hybridizing to SEQ ID NO:2), the inability of aselected fragment of SEQ ID NO: 2 to hybridize to a sample of genomicDNA (e.g., using allele-specific oligonucleotide probes), and improperor unexpected hybridization, such as hybridization to a locus other thanthe normal chromosomal locus for the polynucleotide sequence encodingHPYP (e.g., using fluorescent in situ hybridization [FISH] to metaphasechromosomes spreads).

As used herein, the term "antibody" refers to intact molecules as wellas fragments thereof, such as Fa, F(ab')₂, and Fv, which are capable ofbinding the epitopic determinant. Antibodies that bind HPYP polypeptidescan be prepared using intact polypeptides or fragments containing smallpeptides of interest as the immunizing antigen. The polypeptide orpeptide used to immunize an animal can be derived from translated RNA orsynthesized chemically, and can be conjugated to a carrier protein, ifdesired. Commonly used carriers that are chemically coupled to peptidesinclude bovine serum albumin and thyroglobulin. The coupled peptide isthen used to immunize the animal (e.g., a mouse, a rat, or a rabbit).

The term "humanized antibody", as used herein, refers to antibodymolecules in which amino acids have been replaced in the non-antigenbinding regions in order to more closely resemble a human antibody,while still retaining the original binding ability.

The Invention

The invention is based on the discovery of a novel human pyrophosphatase(HPYP), the polynucleotides encoding HPYP, and the use of thesecompositions for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of inflammatorydiseases and cancer.

Nucleic acids encoding the human HPYP of the present invention werefirst identified in Incyte Clone 768320 from the lung tissue cDNAlibrary LUNGNOTO4 through a computer-generated search for amino acidsequence alignments. A consensus sequence, SEQ ID NO:2, was derived fromthe following overlapping and/or extended nucleic acid sequences: IncyteClones 000769 and 002394/U937NOT01, 768320/LUNGNOTO4, 853164/NGANNOT01,and 1283643/COLNNOT16.

In one embodiment, the invention encompasses the novel humanpyrophosphatase, a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQID NO:1, as shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D. HPYP is 289 amino acids inlength and has chemical and structural homology with the partialsequence of a human pyrophosphatase (GI 727225; SEQ ID NO:3), a bovinepyrophosphatase (GI 585322; SEQ ID NO:4) and a yeast pyrophosphatase (GI4199; SEQ ID NO:5). In particular, HPYP shares 77% identity with thepartial human pyrophosphatase sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) over the length ofthat molecule. The bovine and yeast pyrophosphatases each share 96% and37% identity with HPYP, respectively. Despite the wide variation inoverall sequence identity between these four molecules, all of themcontain the seventeen amino acid residues previously identified as beingimportant for enzyme activity in Ppase (Lahti, Ret al (1990) BiochimBiophys Acta 1038: 338-345). In particular, the sequence, DEGETDWK,beginning at D(148) is identical for all four molecules. As illustratedby FIGS. 3 and 4, HPYP and bovine pyrophosphatase have rather similarhydrophobicity plots. Northern analysis (FIG. 5) shows the expression ofthis sequence in various libraries, at least 43% of which areimmortalized or cancerous and at least 24% of which involve immuneresponse. Of particular note is the expression in thyroid tissue, colontumor, and rheumatoid arthritis.

The invention also encompasses HPYP variants. A preferred HPYP variantis one having at least 80%, and more preferably 90%, amino acid sequencesimilarity to the HPYP amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:1). A mostpreferred HPYP variant is one having at least 95% amino acid sequencesimilarity to SEQ ID NO:1.

The invention also encompasses polynucleotides which encode HPYP.Accordingly, any nucleic acid sequence which encodes the amino acidsequence of HPYP can be used to generate recombinant molecules whichexpress HPYP. In a particular embodiment, the invention encompasses thepolynucleotide comprising the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO:2 as shown inFIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that as a result ofthe degeneracy of the genetic code, a multitude of nucleotide sequencesencoding HPYP, some bearing minimal homology to the nucleotide sequencesof any known and naturally occurring gene, may be produced. Thus, theinvention contemplates each and every possible variation of nucleotidesequence that could be made by selecting combinations based on possiblecodon choices. These combinations are made in accordance with thestandard triplet genetic code as applied to the nucleotide sequence ofnaturally occurring HPYP, and all such variations are to be consideredas being specifically disclosed.

Although nucleotide sequences which encode HPYP and its variants arepreferably capable of hybridizing to the nucleotide sequence of thenaturally occurring HPYP under appropriately selected conditions ofstringency, it may be advantageous to produce nucleotide sequencesencoding HPYP or its derivatives possessing a substantially differentcodon usage. Codons may be selected to increase the rate at whichexpression of the peptide occurs in a particular prokaryotic oreukaryotic expression host in accordance with the frequency with whichparticular codons are utilized by the host. Other reasons forsubstantially altering the nucleotide sequence encoding HPYP and itsderivatives without altering the encoded amino acid sequences includethe production of RNA transcripts having more desirable properties, suchas a greater half-life, than transcripts produced from the naturallyoccurring sequence.

The invention also encompasses production of a DNA sequence, or portionsthereof, which encode HPYP and its derivatives, entirely by syntheticchemistry. After production, the synthetic gene may be inserted into anyof the many available DNA vectors and cell systems using reagents thatare well known in the art at the time of the filing of this application.Moreover, synthetic chemistry may be used to introduce mutations into asequence encoding HPYP or any portion thereof.

Also encompassed by the invention are polynucleotide sequences that arecapable of hybridizing to the claimed nucleotide sequences, and inparticular, those shown in SEQ ID NO:2, under various conditions ofstringency. Hybridization conditions are based on the meltingtemperature (Tm) of the nucleic acid binding complex or probe, as taughtin Kimmel, A. R. (1987; Methods Enzymol. Vol. 152), and may be used at adefined stringency.

Altered nucleic acid sequences encoding HPYP which are encompassed bythe invention include deletions, insertions, or substitutions ofdifferent nucleotides resulting in a polynucleotide that encodes thesame or a functionally equivalent HPYP. The encoded protein may alsocontain deletions, insertions, or substitutions of amino acid residueswhich produce a silent change and result in a functionally equivalentHPYP. Deliberate amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis ofsimilarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity,hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues as long asthe biological activity of HPYP is retained. For example, negativelycharged amino acids may include aspartic acid and glutamic acid;positively charged amino acids may include lysine and arginine; andamino acids with uncharged polar head groups having similarhydrophilicity values may include leucine, isoleucine, and valine;glycine and alanine; asparagine and glutamine; serine and threonine;phenylalanine and tyrosine.

Also included within the scope of the present invention are alleles ofthe gene encoding HPYP. As used herein, an "allele" or "allelicsequence" is an alternative form of the gene which may result from atleast one mutation in the nucleic acid sequence. Alleles may result inaltered mRNAs or polypeptides whose structure or function may or may notbe altered. Any given gene may have none, one, or many allelic forms.Common mutational changes which give rise to alleles are generallyascribed to natural deletions, additions, or substitutions ofnucleotides. Each of these types of changes may occur alone, or incombination with the others, one or more times in a given sequence.

Methods for DNA sequencing which are well known and generally availablein the art may be used to practice any embodiments of the invention. Themethods may employ such enzymes as the Klenow fragment of DNA polymeraseI, SEQUENASE® (U.S. Biochemical Corp, Cleveland, Ohio), Taq polymerase(Perkin Elmer), thermostable T7 polymerase (Amersham, Chicago, Ill.), orcombinations of recombinant polymerases and proofreading exonucleasessuch as the ELONGASE Amplification System marketed by Gibco BRL(Gaithersburg, Md.). Preferably, the process is automated with machinessuch as the Hamilton Micro Lab 2200 (Hamilton, Reno, Nev.), PeltierThermal Cycler (PTC200; MJ Research, Watertown, Mass.) and the ABI 377DNA sequencers (Perkin Elmer).

The polynucleotide sequence encoding HPYP may be extended utilizing apartial nucleotide sequence and employing various methods known in theart to detect upstream sequences such as promoters and regulatoryelements. For example, one method which may be employed,"restriction-site" PCR, uses universal primers to retrieve unknownsequence adjacent to a known locus (Sarkar, G. (1993) PCR MethodsApplic. 2: 318-322). In particular, genomic DNA is first amplified inthe presence of primer to linker sequence and a primer specific to theknown region. The amplified sequences are then subjected to a secondround of PCR with the same linker primer and another specific primerinternal to the first one. Products of each round of PCR are transcribedwith an appropriate RNA polymerase and sequenced using reversetranscriptase.

Inverse PCR may also be used to amplify or extend sequences usingdivergent primers based on a known region (Triglia, T. et al. (1988)Nucleic Acids Res. 16: 8186). The primers may be designed using OLIGO®4.06 Primer Analysis software (National Biosciences Inc., Plymouth,Minn.), or another appropriate program, to be 22-30 nucleotides inlength, to have a GC content of 50% or more, and to anneal to the targetsequence at temperatures about 68°-72° C. The method uses severalrestriction enzymes to generate a suitable fragment in the known regionof a gene. The fragment is then circularized by intramolecular ligationand used as a PCR template.

Another method which may be used is capture PCR which involves PCRamplification of DNA fragments adjacent to a known sequence in human andyeast artificial chromosome DNA (Lagerstrom, M. et al. (1991) PCRMethods Applic. 1: 111-119). In this method, multiple restriction enzymedigestions and ligations may also be used to place an engineereddouble-stranded sequence into an unknown portion of the DNA moleculebefore performing PCR.

Another method which may be used to retrieve unknown sequences is thatof Parker, J. D. et al. (1991; Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 3055-3060).Additionally, one may use PCR, nested primers, and PROMOTERFINDER™libraries to walk in genomic DNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). Thisprocess avoids the need to screen libraries and may be is useful infinding intron/exon junctions.

When screening for full-length cDNAs, it is preferable to use librariesthat have been size-selected to include larger cDNAs. Also,random-primed libraries are preferable in that they will contain moresequences which contain the 5' regions of genes. Use of a randomlyprimed library may be especially preferable for situations in which anoligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA. Genomic librariesmay be useful for extension of sequence into the 5' and 3'non-transcribed regulatory regions.

Capillary electrophoresis systems which are commercially available maybe used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotide sequence ofsequencing or PCR products. In particular, capillary sequencing mayemploy flowable polymers for electrophoretic separation, four differentfluorescent dyes (one for each nucleotide) which are laser activated,and detection of the emitted wavelengths by a charge coupled devicecamera. Output/light intensity may be converted to electrical signalusing appropriate software (e.g. GENOTYPER™ and SEQUENCE NAVIGATOR™,Perkin Elmer) and the entire process from loading of samples to computeranalysis and electronic data display may be computer controlled.Capillary electrophoresis is especially preferable for the sequencing ofsmall pieces of DNA which might be present in limited amounts in aparticular sample.

In another embodiment of the invention, polynucleotide sequences orfragments thereof which encode HPYP, or fusion proteins or functionalequivalents thereof, may be used in recombinant DNA molecules to directexpression of HPYP in appropriate host cells. Due to the inherentdegeneracy of the genetic code, other DNA sequences which encodesubstantially the same or a functionally equivalent amino acid sequencemay be produced and these sequences may be used to clone and expressHPYP.

As will be understood by those of skill in the art, it may beadvantageous to produce HPYP-encoding nucleotide sequences possessingnon-naturally occurring codons. For example, codons preferred by aparticular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host can be selected to increasethe rate of protein expression or to produce a recombinant RNAtranscript having desirable properties, such as a half-life which islonger than that of a transcript generated from the naturally occurringsequence.

The nucleotide sequences of the present invention can be engineeredusing methods generally known in the art in order to alter the HPYPcoding sequence for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to,alterations which modify the cloning, processing, and/or expression ofthe gene product. DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCRreassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides may be usedto engineer the nucleotide sequence. For example, site-directedmutagenesis may be used to insert new restriction sites, alterglycosylation patterns, to change codon preference, to produce splicevariants, or other mutations, and so forth.

In another embodiment of the invention, a natural, modified, orrecombinant polynucleotide encoding HPYP may be ligated to aheterologous sequence to encode a fusion protein. For example, to screenpeptide libraries for inhibitors of HPYP activity, it may be useful toencode a chimeric HPYP protein that can be recognized by a commerciallyavailable antibody. A fusion protein may also be engineered to contain acleavage site located between a HPYP encoding sequence and theheterologous protein sequence, so that HPYP may be cleaved and purifiedaway from the heterologous moiety.

In another embodiment, the coding sequence of HPYP may be synthesized,in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art (seeCaruthers, M. H. et al. (1980) Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 215-223,Horn, T. et al. (1980) Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 225-232).Alternatively, the protein itself may be produced using chemical methodsto synthesize the HPYP amino acid sequence, or a portion thereof. Forexample, peptide synthesis can be performed using various solid-phasetechniques (Roberge, J. Y. et al. (1995) Science 269: 202-204) andautomated synthesis may be achieved, for example, using the ABI 431APeptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer).

The newly synthesized peptide may be substantially purified bypreparative high performance liquid chromatography (e.g., Creighton, T.(1983) Proteins, Structures and Molecular Principles, W H Freeman andCo., New York, N.Y.). The composition of the synthetic peptides may beconfirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing (e.g., the Edmandegradation procedure; Creighton, supra). Additionally, the amino acidsequence of HPYP, or any part thereof, may be altered during directsynthesis and/or combined using chemical methods with sequences fromother proteins, or any part thereof, to produce a variant polypeptide.

In order to express a biologically active HPYP, the nucleotide sequenceencoding HPYP or functional equivalents, may be inserted into anappropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector which contains thenecessary elements for the transcription and translation of the insertedcoding sequence.

Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art may be used toconstruct expression vectors containing a HPYP coding sequence andappropriate transcriptional and translational control elements. Thesemethods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetictechniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. Such techniques aredescribed in Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, A LaboratoryManual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview, N.Y., and Ausubel, F. M. etal. (1989) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons,New York, N.Y.

A variety of expression vector/host systems may be utilized to containand express a HPYP coding sequence. These include, but are not limitedto, microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinantbacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeasttransformed with yeast expression vectors; insect cell systems infectedwith virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus); plant cell systemstransformed with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaicvirus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expressionvectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids); or animal cell systems.

The "control elements" or "regulatory sequences" are thosenon-translated regions of the vector--enhancers, promoters, 5' and 3'untranslated regions--which interact with host cellular proteins tocarry out transcription and translation. Such elements may vary in theirstrength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and hostutilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements,including constitutive and inducible promoters, may be used. Forexample, when cloning in bacterial systems, inducible promoters such asthe hybrid lacZ promoter of the BLUESCRIPT® phagemid (Stratagene,LaJolla, CALIF.) or PSPORT™ plasmid (Gibco BRL) and ptrp-lac hybrids,and the like may be used. The baculovirus polyhedrin promoter may beused in insect cells. Promoters or enhancers derived from the genomes ofplant cells (e.g., heat shock, RUBISCO; and storage protein genes) orfrom plant viruses (e.g., viral promoters or leader sequences) may becloned into the vector. In mammalian cell systems, promoters frommammalian genes or from mammalian viruses are preferable. If it isnecessary to generate a cell line that contains multiple copies of thesequence encoding HPYP, vectors based on SV40 or EBV may be used with anappropriate selectable marker.

In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may be selecteddepending upon the use intended for HPYP. For example, when largequantities of HPYP are needed for the induction of antibodies, vectorswhich direct high level expression of fusion proteins that are readilypurified may be used. Such vectors include, but are not limited to, themultifunctional E. coli cloning and expression vectors such asBLUESCRIPT® (Stratagene), in which the sequence encoding HPYP may beligated into the vector in frame with sequences for the amino-terminalMet and the subsequent 7 residues of β-galactosidase so that a hybridprotein is produced; pIN vectors (Van Heeke, G. and S. M. Schuster(1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264: 5503-5509); and the like. pGEX vectors(Promega, Madison, Wis.) may also be used to express foreignpolypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). Ingeneral, such fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purifiedfrom lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed byelution in the presence of free glutathione. Proteins made in suchsystems may be designed to include heparin, thrombin, or factor XAprotease cleavage sites so that the cloned polypeptide of interest canbe released from the GST moiety at will.

In the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a number of vectors containingconstitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcoholoxidase, and PGH may be used. For reviews, see Ausubel et al. (supra)and Grant et al. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 153: 516-544.

In cases where plant expression vectors are used, the expression of asequence encoding HPYP may be driven by any of a number of promoters.For example, viral promoters such as the 35S and 19S promoters of CaMVmay be used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence fromTMV (Takamatsu, N. (1987) EMBO J. 6: 307-311). Alternatively, plantpromoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO or heat shock promotersmay be used (Coruzzi, G. et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3: 1671-1680; Broglie, R.et al. (1984) Science 224: 838-843; Winter, J. et al. (1991) ResultsProbl. Cell Differ. 17: 85-105). These constructs can be introduced intoplant cells by direct DNA transformation or pathogen-mediatedtransfection. Such techniques are described in a number of generallyavailable reviews (see, for example, Hobbs, S. or Murry, L. E. in McGrawHill Yearbook of Science and Technology (1992) McGraw Hill, New York,N.Y.; pp. 191-196.

An insect system may also be used to express HPYP. For example, in onesuch system, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV)is used as a vector to express foreign genes in Spodoptera frugiperdacells or in Trichoplusia larvae. The sequence encoding HPYP may becloned into a non-essential region of the virus, such as the polyhedringene, and placed under control of the polyhedrin promoter. Successfulinsertion of HPYP will render the polyhedrin gene inactive and producerecombinant virus lacking coat protein. The recombinant viruses may thenbe used to infect, for example, S. frugiperda cells or Trichoplusialarvae in which HPYP may be expressed (Engelhard, E. K. et al. (1994)Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 91: 3224-3227).

In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems maybe utilized. In cases where an adenovirus is used as an expressionvector, a sequence encoding HPYP may be ligated into an adenovirustranscription/translation complex consisting of the late promoter andtripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential E1 or E3 regionof the viral genome may be used to obtain a viable virus which iscapable of expressing HPYP in infected host cells (Logan, J. and Shenk,T. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81: 3655-3659). In addition,transcription enhancers, such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) enhancer,may be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells.

Specific initiation signals may also be used to achieve more efficienttranslation of a sequence encoding HPYP. Such signals include the ATGinitiation codon and adjacent sequences. In cases where sequencesencoding HPYP, its initiation codon, and upstream sequences are insertedinto the appropriate expression vector, no additional transcriptional ortranslational control signals may be needed. However, in cases whereonly coding sequence, or a portion thereof, is inserted, exogenoustranslational control signals including the ATG initiation codon shouldbe provided. Furthermore, the initiation codon should be in the correctreading frame to ensure translation of the entire insert. Exogenoustranslational elements and initiation codons may be of various origins,both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression may be enhancedby the inclusion of enhancers which are appropriate for the particularcell system which is used, such as those described in the literature(Scharf, D. et al. (1994) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20: 125-162).

In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen for its ability tomodulate the expression of the inserted sequences or to process theexpressed protein in the desired fashion. Such modifications of thepolypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation,glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation.Post-translational processing which cleaves a "prepro" form of theprotein may also be used to facilitate correct insertion, folding and/orfunction. Different host cells such as CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, andWI38, which have specific cellular machinery and characteristicmechanisms for such post-translational activities, may be chosen toensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein.

For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stableexpression is preferred. For example, cell lines which stably expressHPYP may be transformed using expression vectors which may contain viralorigins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and aselectable marker gene on the same or separate vector. Following theintroduction of the vector, cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days inan enriched media before they are switched to selective media. Thepurpose of the selectable marker is to confer resistance to selection,and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells which successfullyexpress the introduced sequences. Resistant clones of stably transformedcells may be proliferated using tissue culture techniques appropriate tothe cell type.

Any number of selection systems may be used to recover transformed celllines. These include, but are not limited to, the herpes simplex virusthymidine kinase (Wigler, M. et al. (1977) Cell 11: 223-32) and adeninephosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy, I. et al. (1980) Cell 22: 817-23) geneswhich can be employed in tk- or aprt- cells, respectively. Also,antimetabolite, antibiotic or herbicide resistance can be used as thebasis for selection; for example, dhfr which confers resistance tomethotrexate (Wigler, M. et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 77:3567-70); npt, which confers resistance to the aminoglycosides neomycinand G-418 (Colbere-Garapin, F. et al (1981) J. Mol. Biol. 150: 1-14) andals or pat, which confer resistance to chlorsulfuron and phosphinotricinacetyltransferase, respectively (Murry, supra). Additional selectablegenes have been described, for example, trpB, which allows cells toutilize indole in place of tryptophan, or hisD, which allows cells toutilize histinol in place of histidine (Hartman, S. C. and R. C.Mulligan (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85: 8047-51). Recently, the useof visible markers has gained popularity with such markers asanthocyanins, β glucuronidase and its substrate GUS, and luciferase andits substrate luciferin, being widely used not only to identifytransformants, but also to quantify the amount of transient or stableprotein expression attributable to a specific vector system (Rhodes, C.A. et al. (1995) Methods Mol. Biol. 55: 121-131).

Although the presence/absence of marker gene expression suggests thatthe gene of interest is also present, its presence and expression mayneed to be confirmed. For example, if the sequence encoding HPYP isinserted within a marker gene sequence, recombinant cells containingsequences encoding HPYP can be identified by the absence of marker genefunction. Alternatively, a marker gene can be placed in tandem with asequence encoding HPYP under the control of a single promoter.Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selectionusually indicates expression of the tandem gene as well.

Alternatively, host cells which contain the coding sequence for HPYP andexpress HPYP may be identified by a variety of procedures known to thoseof skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not limited to,DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and protein bioassay or immunoassaytechniques which include membrane, solution, or chip based technologiesfor the detection and/or quantification of the nucleic acid or protein.

The presence of the polynucleotide sequence encoding HPYP can bedetected by DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization or amplification usingprobes or portions or fragments of polynucleotides encoding HPYP.Nucleic acid amplification based assays involve the use ofoligonucleotides or oligomers based on the HPYP-encoding sequence todetect transformants containing DNA or RNA encoding HPYP. As used herein"oligonucleotides" or "oligomers" refer to a nucleic acid sequence of atleast about 10 nucleotides and as many as about 60 nucleotides,preferably about 15 to 30 nucleotides, and more preferably about 20-25nucleotides, which can be used as a probe or amplimer.

A variety of protocols for detecting and measuring the expression ofHPYP, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for theprotein are known in the art. Examples include enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescenceactivated cell sorting (FACS). A two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassayutilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopeson HPYP is preferred, but a competitive binding assay may be employed.These and other assays are described, among other places, in Hampton, R.et al. (1990; Serological Methods, a Laboratory Manual, APS Press, StPaul, Minn.) and Maddox, D. E. et al. (1983) J. Exp. Med. 158:1211-1216).

A wide variety of labels and conjugation techniques are known by thoseskilled in the art and may be used in various nucleic acid and aminoacid assays. Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes fordetecting sequences related to polynucleotides encoding HPYP includeoligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling or PCR amplification usinga labeled nucleotide. Alternatively, the sequence encoding HPYP, or anyportion of it, may be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNAprobe. Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available,and may be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of anappropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6 and labelednucleotides. These procedures may be conducted using a variety ofcommercially available kits (Pharmacia & Upjohn, (Kalamazoo, Mich.);Promega (Madison Wis.); and U.S. Biochemical Corp., Cleveland, Ohio).Suitable reporter molecules or labels, which may be used, includeradionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenicagents as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles,and the like.

Host cells transformed with a nucleotide sequence encoding HPYP may becultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery ofthe protein from cell culture. The protein produced by a recombinantcell may be secreted or contained intracellularly depending on thesequence and/or the vector used. As will be understood by those of skillin the art, expression vectors containing polynucleotides which encodeHPYP may be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretionof HPYP through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane. Otherrecombinant constructions may be used to join sequences encoding HPYP tonucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide domain which will facilitatepurification of soluble proteins. Such purification facilitating domainsinclude, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such ashistidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilizedmetals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilizedimmunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinitypurification system (Immunex Corp., Seattle, Wash.). The inclusion ofcleavable linker sequences such as those specific for Factor XA orenterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) between the purificationdomain and HPYP may be used to facilitate purification. One suchexpression vector provides for expression of a fusion protein containingHPYP and a nucleic acid encoding 6 histidine residues preceding athioredoxin or an enterokinase cleavage site. The histidine residuesfacilitate purification on IMIAC (immobilized metal ion affinitychromatography as described in Porath, J. et al. (1992, Prot. Exp.Purif. 3: 263-281) while the enterokinase cleavage site provides a meansfor purifying HPYP from the fusion protein. A discussion of vectorswhich contain fusion proteins is provided in Kroll, D. J. et al. (1993;DNA Cell Biol. 12: 441-453).

In addition to recombinant production, fragments of HPYP may be producedby direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques (cf Stewart etal. (1969) Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis, W. H. Freeman Co., SanFrancisco, Calif.; Merrifield J. (1963) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2149-2154). Protein synthesis may be performed using manual techniquesor by automation. Automated synthesis may be achieved, for example,using Applied Biosystems 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer).Various fragments of HPYP may be chemically synthesized separately andcombined using chemical methods to produce the full length molecule

Therapeutic Applications

In another embodiment of the invention, HPYP or fragments thereof may beused for therapeutic purposes.

Since cGMP and cAMP are important elements of cell signaling pathways invirtually all cells and tissues, the control of specific PPase activityin specific cell types could provide a mechanism for controlling cellsignaling and be useful in the treatment of diseases and conditionsassociated with uncontrolled cell signaling and cell proliferation suchas inflammatory diseases and cancer.

Based on the chemical and structural homology among HPYP (SEQ ID NO:1),other pyrophosphatases and northern analysis (FIG. 5) which shows thatapproximately 50% of the libraries containing HPYP transcripts areassociated with either cancer or immune response, expression of HPYP isbelieved to function in cancer, particularly cancers of the colon,prostate, brain, and pancreas, and in inflammatory disease. In addition,the known function of PPases in promoting cell metabolic reactions andcell growth suggest that HPYP may be useful in promoting cell and tissueregeneration.

Therefore, in one embodiment of the invention, HPYP, a fragment orderivative thereof, a vector expressing HPYP, a fragment or derivativethereof, may be used to trigger the regeneration of cells, tissues, ororgans which were previously differentiated or not easily regenerated.This would be especially useful in, but is not limited to, theregeneration or transplantation and development of nerve, pancreatic,bone marrow, prostate tissue, and would involve supplying variousnatural molecules, such as HPYP, in drug regimes that allow celldivision and differentiation to occur. Small amounts of new functionaltissue have the capacity to greatly improve the quality of life forvictims of accidents or degenerative hereditary diseases.

Since expression of HPYP is highly correlated with cancer (FIG. 5),vectors expressing antisense, and antagonists or inhibitors of theprotein may be used to inhibit the expression or activity of HPYP as ameans of suppressing tumor cell growth. Control of HPYP activity as anovel approach to cancer treatment may be especially useful incombination therapy with other chemotherapeutic agents. Suchcombinations of therapeutic agents having different cellular mechanismsof action often have synergistic effects allowing the use of lowereffective doses of each agent and lessening side effects.

In another embodiment, vectors expressing antisense, and antagonists orinhibitors of the protein may be used to suppress the excessiveproliferation of inflammatory cells which cause damage in immunologicaldiseases. Such immune diseases include, but are not limited to, anemias,asthma, systemic lupus, and myasthenia gravis, diabetes mellitus,osteoporosis, glomerulonephritis; rheumatoid and osteoarthritis; andscleroderma.

In another embodiment, antagonists which block or modulate the effect ofHPYP may be used in those situations where such inhibition istherapeutically desirable. Such antagonists or inhibitors may beproduced using methods which are generally known in the art, and includeparticularly the use of purified HPYP to produce antibodies or to screenlibraries of pharmaceutical agents for those which specifically bindHPYP. For example, in one aspect, antibodies which are specific for HPYPmay be used directly as an antagonist, or indirectly as a targeting ordelivery mechanism for bringing a pharmaceutical agent to cells ortissue which express HPYP.

The antibodies may be generated using methods that are well known in theart. Such antibodies may include, but are not limited to, polyclonal,monoclonal, chimeric, single chain, Fab fragments, and fragmentsproduced by a Fab expression library. Neutralizing antibodies, (i.e.,those which inhibit dimer formation) are especially preferred fortherapeutic use.

For the production of antibodies, various hosts including goats,rabbits, rats, mice, humans, and others, may be immunized by injectionwith HPYP or any fragment or oligopeptide thereof which has immunogenicproperties. Depending on the host species, various adjuvants may be usedto increase immunological response. Such adjuvants include, but are notlimited to, Freund's, mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, andsurface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols,polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, anddinitrophenol. Among adjuvants used in humans, BCG (bacilliCalmette-Guerin) and Corynebacterium parvum are especially preferable.

It is preferred that the peptides, fragments, or oligopeptides used toinduce antibodies to HPYP have an amino acid sequence consisting of atleast five amino acids, and more preferably at least 10 amino acids. Itis also preferable that they are identical to a portion of the aminoacid sequence of the natural protein, and they may contain the entireamino acid sequence of a small, naturally occurring molecule. Shortstretches of HPYP amino acids may be fused with those of another proteinsuch as keyhole limpet hemocyanin and antibody produced against thechimeric molecule.

Monoclonal antibodies to HPYP may be prepared using any technique whichprovides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous celllines in culture. These include, but are not limited to, the hybridomatechnique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and the EBV-hybridomatechnique (Koehler et al. (1975) Nature 256: 495-497; Kosbor et al.(1983) Immunol. Today 4: 72; Cote et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.80: 2026-2030; Cole et al. (1985) Monoclonal Antibodies and CancerTherapy, Alan R. Liss Inc., New York, N.Y., pp. 77-96).

In addition, techniques developed for the production of "chimericantibodies", the splicing of mouse antibody genes to human antibodygenes to obtain a molecule with appropriate antigen specificity andbiological activity can be used (Morrison et al. (1984) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. 81: 6851-6855; Neuberger et al. (1984) Nature 312: 604-608;Takeda et al. (1985) Nature 314: 452-454). Alternatively, techniquesdescribed for the production of single chain antibodies may be adapted,using methods known in the art, to produce HPYP-specific single chainantibodies. Antibodies with related specificity, but of distinctidiotypic composition, may be generated by chain shuffling from randomcombinatorial immunoglobin libraries (Burton D. R. (1991) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. 88: 11120-3).

Antibodies may also be produced by inducing in vivo production in thelymphocyte population or by screening recombinant immunoglobulinlibraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents as disclosed inthe literature (Orlandi, et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86:3833-3837; Winter, G. et al. (1991) Nature 349: 293-299).

Antibody fragments which contain specific binding sites for HPYP mayalso be generated. For example, such fragments include, but are notlimited to, the F(ab')2 fragments which can be produced by pepsindigestion of the antibody molecule and the Fab fragments which can begenerated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab')2 fragments.Alternatively, Fab expression libraries may be constructed to allowrapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with thedesired specificity (Huse et al. (1989) Science 256: 1275-1281).

Various immunoassays may be used for screening to identify antibodieshaving the desired specificity. Numerous protocols for competitivebinding or immunoradiometric assays using either polyclonal ormonoclonal antibodies with established specificities are well known inthe art. Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement of complexformation between HPYP and its specific antibody. A two-site,monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive totwo non-interfering HPYP epitopes is preferred, but a competitivebinding assay may also be employed (Maddox, supra).

In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotides encodingHPYP, or any fragment thereof, or antisense sequences, may be used fortherapeutic purposes. In one aspect, antisense to the polynucleotideencoding HPYP may be used in situations in which it would be desirableto block the synthesis of the protein. In particular, cells may betransformed with sequences complementary to polynucleotides encodingHPYP. Thus, antisense sequences may be used to modulate HPYP activity,or to achieve regulation of gene function. Such technology is now wellknown in the art, and sense or antisense oligomers or larger fragments,can be designed from various locations along the coding or controlregions of sequences encoding HPYP.

Expression vectors derived from retroviruses, adenovirus, herpes orvaccinia viruses, or from various bacterial plasmids may be used fordelivery of nucleotide sequences to the targeted organ, tissue or cellpopulation. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art canbe used to construct recombinant vectors which will express antisensepolynucleotides of the gene encoding HPYP. These techniques aredescribed both in Sambrook et al. (supra) and in Ausubel et al. (supra).

Genes encoding HPYP can be turned off by transforming a cell or tissuewith expression vectors which express high levels of a polynucleotide orfragment thereof which encodes HPYP. Such constructs may be used tointroduce untranslatable sense or antisense sequences into a cell. Evenin the absence of integration into the DNA, such vectors may continue totranscribe RNA molecules until all copies are disabled by endogenousnucleases. Transient expression may last for a month or more with anon-replicating vector and even longer if appropriate replicationelements are part of the vector system.

As mentioned above, modifications of gene expression can be obtained bydesigning antisense molecules, DNA, RNA, or PNA, to the control regionsof the gene encoding HPYP, i.e., the promoters, enhancers, and introns.Oligonucleotides derived from the transcription initiation site, e.g.,between positions -10 and +10 from the start site, are preferred.Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using "triple helix" base-pairingmethodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibitionof the ability of the double helix to open sufficiently for the bindingof polymerases, transcription factors, or regulatory molecules. Recenttherapeutic advances using triplex DNA have been described in theliterature (Gee, J. E. et al. (1994) In: Huber, B. E. and B. I. Carr,Molecular and Immunologic Approaches, Futura Publishing Co., Mt. Kisco,N.Y.). The antisense molecules may also be designed to block translationof mRNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes.

Ribozymes, enzymatic RNA molecules, may also be used to catalyze thespecific cleavage of RNA. The mechanism of ribozyme action involvessequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule tocomplementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. Exampleswhich may be used include engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme moleculesthat can specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavageof sequences encoding HPYP.

Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within any potential RNA target areinitially identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozymecleavage sites which include the following sequences: GUA, GUU, and GUC.Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20ribonucleotides corresponding to the region of the target genecontaining the cleavage site may be evaluated for secondary structuralfeatures which may render the oligonucleotide inoperable. Thesuitability of candidate targets may also be evaluated by testingaccessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides usingribonuclease protection assays.

Antisense molecules and ribozymes of the invention may be prepared byany method known in the art for the synthesis of RNA molecules. Theseinclude techniques for chemically synthesizing oligonucleotides such assolid phase phosphoramidite chemical synthesis. Alternatively, RNAmolecules may be generated by in vitro and in vivo transcription of DNAsequences encoding HPYP. Such DNA sequences may be incorporated into awide variety of vectors with suitable RNA polymerase promoters such asT7 or SP6. Alternatively, these cDNA constructs that synthesizeantisense RNA constitutively or inducibly can be introduced into celllines, cells, or tissues.

RNA molecules may be modified to increase intracellular stability andhalf-life. Possible modifications include, but are not limited to, theaddition of flanking sequences at the 5' and/or 3' ends of the moleculeor the use of phosphorothioate or 2' O-methyl rather thanphosphodiesterase linkages within the backbone of the molecule. Thisconcept is inherent in the production of PNAs and can be extended in allof these molecules by the inclusion of nontraditional bases such asinosine, queosine, and wybutosine, as well as acetyl-, methyl-, thio-,and similarly modified forms of adenine, cytidine, guanine, thymine, anduridine which are not as easily recognized by endogenous endonucleases.

Many methods for introducing vectors into cells or tissues are availableand equally suitable for use in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo. For ex vivotherapy, vectors may be introduced into stem cells taken from thepatient and clonally propagated for autologous transplant back into thatsame patient. Delivery by transfection and by liposome injections may beachieved using methods which are well known in the art.

Any of the therapeutic methods described above may be applied to anysuitable subject including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats,cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.

An additional embodiment of the invention relates to the administrationof a pharmaceutical composition, in conjunction with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, for any of the therapeutic effects discussed above.Such pharmaceutical compositions may consist of HPYP, antibodies toHPYP, mimetics, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of HPYP. Thecompositions may be administered alone or in combination with at leastone other agent, such as stabilizing compound, which may be administeredin any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier, including, but notlimited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water. Thecompositions may be administered to a patient alone, or in combinationwith other agents, drugs or hormones.

The pharmaceutical compositions utilized in this invention may beadministered by any number of routes including, but not limited to,oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary,intrathecal, intraventricular, transdermal, subcutaneous,intraperitoneal, intranasal, enteral, topical, sublingual, or rectalmeans.

In addition to the active ingredients, these pharmaceutical compositionsmay contain suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers comprisingexcipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the activecompounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Furtherdetails on techniques for formulation and administration may be found inthe latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (MaackPublishing Co., Easton, Pa.).

Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration can be formulatedusing pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art indosages suitable for oral administration. Such carriers enable thepharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees,capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like,for ingestion by the patient.

Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained throughcombination of active compounds with solid excipient, optionallygrinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules,after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets ordragee cores. Suitable excipients are carbohydrate or protein fillers,such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol;starch from corn, wheat, rice, potato, or other plants; cellulose, suchas methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, or sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, gums including arabic and tragacanth; andproteins such as gelatin and collagen. If desired, disintegrating orsolubilizing agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid, or a salt thereof, such as sodiumalginate.

Dragee cores may be used in conjunction with suitable coatings, such asconcentrated sugar solutions, which may also contain gum arabic, talc,polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titaniumdioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solventmixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or drageecoatings for product identification or to characterize the quantity ofactive compound, i.e., dosage.

Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include push-fitcapsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made ofgelatin and a coating, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Push-fit capsulescan contain active ingredients mixed with a filler or binders, such aslactose or starches, lubricants, such as talc or magnesium stearate,and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds maybe dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils,liquid, or liquid polyethylene glycol with or without stabilizers.

Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for parenteral administration maybe formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologicallycompatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, orphysiologically buffered saline. Aqueous injection suspensions maycontain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, suchas sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Additionally,suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oilyinjection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles includefatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such asethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Optionally, the suspensionmay also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase thesolubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highlyconcentrated solutions.

For topical or nasal administration, penetrants appropriate to theparticular barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Suchpenetrants are generally known in the art.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may bemanufactured in a manner that is known in the art, e.g., by means ofconventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating,emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes.

The pharmaceutical composition may be provided as a salt and can beformed with many acids, including but not limited to, hydrochloric,sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc. Salts tend tobe more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents than are thecorresponding free base forms. In other cases, the preferred preparationmay be a lyophilized powder which may contain any or all of thefollowing: 1-50 mM histidine, 0.1%-2% sucrose, and 2-7% mannitol, at apH range of 4.5 to 5.5, that is combined with buffer prior to use.

After pharmaceutical compositions have been prepared, they can be placedin an appropriate container and labeled for treatment of an indicatedcondition. For administration of HPYP, such labeling would includeamount, frequency, and method of administration.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the invention includecompositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in aneffective amount to achieve the intended purpose. The determination ofan effective dose is well within the capability of those skilled in theart.

For any compound, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimatedinitially either in cell culture assays, e.g., of neoplastic cells, orin animal models, usually mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal modelmay also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range androute of administration. Such information can then be used to determineuseful doses and routes for administration in humans.

A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of activeingredient, for example HPYP or fragments thereof, antibodies of HPYP,agonists, antagonists or inhibitors of HPYP, which ameliorates thesymptoms or condition. Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity may bedetermined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures orexperimental animals, e.g., ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in50% of the population) and LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of thepopulation). The dose ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects is thetherapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD50/ED50.Pharmaceutical compositions which exhibit large therapeutic indices arepreferred. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studiesis used in formulating a range of dosage for human use. The dosagecontained in such compositions is preferably within a range ofcirculating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or notoxicity. The dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosageform employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route ofadministration.

The exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light offactors related to the subject that requires treatment. Dosage andadministration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the activemoiety or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which may be takeninto account include the severity of the disease state, general healthof the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time andfrequency of administration, drug combination(s), reactionsensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long-actingpharmaceutical compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, everyweek, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rateof the particular formulation.

Normal dosage amounts may vary from 0.1 to 100,000 micrograms, up to atotal dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of administration.Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided inthe literature and generally available to practitioners in the art.Those skilled in the art will employ different formulations fornucleotides than for proteins or their inhibitors. Similarly, deliveryof polynucleotides or polypeptides will be specific to particular cells,conditions, locations, etc.

Diagnostics

In another embodiment, antibodies which specifically bind HPYP may beused for the diagnosis of conditions or diseases characterized byexpression of HPYP, or in assays to monitor patients being treated withHPYP, agonists, antagonists or inhibitors. The antibodies useful fordiagnostic purposes may be prepared in the same manner as thosedescribed above for therapeutics. Diagnostic assays for HPYP includemethods which utilize the antibody and a label to detect HPYP in humanbody fluids or extracts of cells or tissues. The antibodies may be usedwith or without modification, and may be labeled by joining them, eithercovalently or non-covalently, with a reporter molecule. A wide varietyof reporter molecules which are known in the art may be used, several ofwhich are described above.

A variety of protocols including ELISA, RIA, and FACS for measuring HPYPare known in the art and provide a basis for diagnosing altered orabnormal levels of HPYP expression. Normal or standard values for HPYPexpression are established by combining body fluids or cell extractstaken from normal mammalian subjects, preferably human, with antibody toHPYP under conditions suitable for complex formation The amount ofstandard complex formation may be quantified by various methods, butpreferably by photometric, means. Quantities of HPYP expressed insubject, control and disease, samples from biopsied tissues are comparedwith the standard values. Deviation between standard and subject valuesestablishes the parameters for diagnosing disease.

In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotides encodingHPYP may be used for diagnostic purposes. The polynucleotides which maybe used include oligonucleotide sequences, antisense RNA and DNAmolecules, and PNAs. The polynucleotides may be used to detect andquantitate gene expression in biopsied tissues in which expression ofHPYP may be correlated with disease. The diagnostic assay may be used todistinguish between absence, presence, and excess expression of HPYP,and to monitor regulation of HPYP levels during therapeuticintervention.

In one aspect, hybridization with PCR probes which are capable ofdetecting polynucleotide sequences, including genomic sequences,encoding HPYP or closely related molecules, may be used to identifynucleic acid sequences which encode HPYP. The specificity of the probe,whether it is made from a highly specific region, e.g., 10 uniquenucleotides in the 5' regulatory region, or a less specific region,e.g., especially in the 3' coding region, and the stringency of thehybridization or amplification (maximal, high, intermediate, or low)will determine whether the probe identifies only naturally occurringsequences encoding HPYP, alleles, or related sequences.

Probes may also be used for the detection of related sequences, andshould preferably contain at least 50% of the nucleotides from any ofthe HPYP encoding sequences. The hybridization probes of the subjectinvention may be DNA or RNA and derived from the nucleotide sequence ofSEQ ID NO:2 or from genomic sequence including promoter, enhancerelements, and introns of the naturally occurring HPYP.

Means for producing specific hybridization probes for DNAs encoding HPYPinclude the cloning of nucleic acid sequences encoding HPYP or HPYPderivatives into vectors for the production of mRNA probes. Such vectorsare known in the art, commercially available, and may be used tosynthesize RNA probes in vitro by means of the addition of theappropriate RNA polymerases and the appropriate labeled nucleotides.Hybridization probes may be labeled by a variety of reporter groups, forexample, radionuclides such as 32P or 35S, or enzymatic labels, such asalkaline phosphatase coupled to the probe via avidin/biotin couplingsystems, and the like.

Polynucleotide sequences encoding HPYP may be used for the diagnosis ofconditions or diseases which are associated with expression of HPYP.Examples of such conditions or diseases include cancers of the colon,prostate, brain, and pancreas and inflammatory diseases such as anemias,asthma, systemic lupus, and myasthenia gravis, diabetes mellitus,osteoporosis, glomerulonephritis; rheumatoid and osteoarthritis; andscleroderma. The polynucleotide sequences encoding HPYP may be used inSouthern or northern analysis, dot blot, or other membrane-basedtechnologies; in PCR technologies; or in dip stick, pin, ELISA or chipassays utilizing fluids or tissues from patient biopsies to detectaltered HPYP expression. Such qualitative or quantitative methods arewell known in the art.

In a particular aspect, the nucleotide sequences encoding HPYP may beuseful in assays that detect activation or induction of various cancers,particularly those mentioned above. The nucleotide sequence encodingHPYP may be labeled by standard methods, and added to a fluid or tissuesample from a patient under conditions suitable for the formation ofhybridization complexes. After a suitable incubation period, the sampleis washed and the signal is quantitated and compared with a standardvalue. If the amount of signal in the biopsied or extracted sample issignificantly altered from that of a comparable control sample, thenucleotide sequence has hybridized with nucleotide sequences in thesample, and the presence of altered levels of nucleotide sequencesencoding HPYP in the sample indicates the presence of the associateddisease. Such assays may also be used to evaluate the efficacy of aparticular therapeutic treatment regimen in animal studies, in clinicaltrials, or in monitoring the treatment of an individual patient.

In order to provide a basis for the diagnosis of disease associated withexpression of HPYP, a normal or standard profile for expression isestablished. This may be accomplished by combining body fluids or cellextracts taken from normal subjects, either animal or human, with asequence, or a fragment thereof, which encodes HPYP, under conditionssuitable for hybridization or amplification. Standard hybridization maybe quantified by comparing the values obtained from normal subjects withthose from an experiment where a known amount of a substantiallypurified polynucleotide is used. Standard values obtained from normalsamples may be compared with values obtained from samples from patientswho are symptomatic for disease. Deviation between standard and subjectvalues is used to establish the presence of disease.

Once disease is established and a treatment protocol is initiated,hybridization assays may be repeated on a regular basis to evaluatewhether the level of expression in the patient begins to approximatethat which is observed in the normal patient. The results obtained fromsuccessive assays may be used to show the efficacy of treatment over aperiod ranging from several days to months.

With respect to cancer, the presence of a relatively high amount oftranscript in biopsied tissue from an individual may indicate apredisposition for the development of the disease, or may provide ameans for detecting the disease prior to the appearance of actualclinical symptoms. A more definitive diagnosis of this type may allowhealth professionals to employ preventative measures or aggressivetreatment earlier thereby preventing the development or furtherprogression of the cancer.

Additional diagnostic uses for oligonucleotides encoding HPYP mayinvolve the use of PCR. Such oligomers may be chemically synthesized,generated enzymatically, or produced from a recombinant source.Oligomers will preferably consist of two nucleotide sequences, one withsense orientation (5'→3') and another with antisense (3'←5'), employedunder optimized conditions for identification of a specific gene orcondition. The same two oligomers, nested sets of oligomers, or even adegenerate pool of oligomers may be employed under less stringentconditions for detection and/or quantitation of closely related DNA orRNA sequences.

Methods which may also be used to quantitate the expression of HPYPinclude radiolabeling or biotinylating nucleotides, coamplification of acontrol nucleic acid, and standard curves onto which the experimentalresults are interpolated (Melby, P. C. et al. (1993) J. Immunol.Methods, 159: 235-244; Duplaa, C. et al. (1993) Anal. Biochem. 229-236).The speed of quantitation of multiple samples may be accelerated byrunning the assay in an ELISA format where the oligomer of interest ispresented in various dilutions and a spectrophotometric or calorimetricresponse gives rapid quantitation.

In another embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acid sequence whichencodes HPYP may also be used to generate hybridization probes which areuseful for mapping the naturally occurring genomic sequence. Thesequence may be mapped to a particular chromosome or to a specificregion of the chromosome using well known techniques. Such techniquesinclude FISH, FACS, or artificial chromosome constructions, such asyeast artificial chromosomes, bacterial artificial chromosomes,bacterial P1 constructions or single chromosome cDNA libraries asreviewed in Price, C. M. (1993) Blood Rev. 7: 127-134, and Trask, B. J.(1991) Trends Genet. 7: 149-154.

FISH (as described in Verma et al. (1988) Human Chromosomes: A Manual ofBasic Techniques, Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y.) may be correlated withother physical chromosome mapping techniques and genetic map data.Examples of genetic map data can be found in the 1994 Genome Issue ofScience (265: 1981 f). Correlation between the location of the geneencoding HPYP on a physical chromosomal map and a specific disease, orpredisposition to a specific disease, may help delimit the region of DNAassociated with that genetic disease. The nucleotide sequences of thesubject invention may be used to detect differences in gene sequencesbetween normal, carrier, or affected individuals.

In situ hybridization of chromosomal preparations and physical mappingtechniques such as linkage analysis using established chromosomalmarkers may be used for extending genetic maps. Often the placement of agene on the chromosome of another mammalian species, such as mouse, mayreveal associated markers even if the number or arm of a particularhuman chromosome is not known. New sequences can be assigned tochromosomal arms, or parts thereof, by physical mapping. This providesvaluable information to investigators searching for disease genes usingpositional cloning or other gene discovery techniques. Once the diseaseor syndrome has been crudely localized by genetic linkage to aparticular genomic region, for example, AT to 11q22-23 (Gatti, R. A. etal. (1988) Nature 336: 577-580), any sequences mapping to that area mayrepresent associated or regulatory genes for further investigation. Thenucleotide sequence of the subject invention may also be used to detectdifferences in the chromosomal location due to translocation, inversion,etc. among normal, carrier, or affected individuals.

In another embodiment of the invention, HPYP, its catalytic orimmunogenic fragments or oligopeptides thereof, can be used forscreening libraries of compounds in any of a variety of drug screeningtechniques. The fragment employed in such screening may be free insolution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface, orlocated intracellularly. The formation of binding complexes, betweenHPYP and the agent being tested, may be measured.

Another technique for drug screening which may be used provides for highthroughput screening of compounds having suitable binding affinity tothe protein of interest as described in published PCT applicationWO84/03564. In this method, as applied to HPYP large numbers ofdifferent small test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate,such as plastic pins or some other surface. The test compounds arereacted with HPYP, or fragments thereof, and washed. Bound HPYP is thendetected by methods well known in the art. Purified HPYP can also becoated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drug screeningtechniques. Alternatively, non-neutralizing antibodies can be used tocapture the peptide and immobilize it on a solid support.

In another embodiment, one may use competitive drug screening assays inwhich neutralizing antibodies capable of binding HPYP specificallycompete with a test compound for binding HPYP. In this manner, theantibodies can be used to detect the presence of any peptide whichshares one or more antigenic determinants with HPYP.

In additional embodiments, the nucleotide sequences which encode HPYPmay be used in any molecular biology techniques that have yet to bedeveloped, provided the new techniques rely on properties of nucleotidesequences that are currently known, including, but not limited to, suchproperties as the triplet genetic code and specific base pairinteractions.

The examples below are provided to illustrate the subject invention andare not included for the purpose of limiting the invention.

EXAMPLES

I LUNGNOTO4 cDNA Library Construction

The LUNGNOTO4 cDNA library was constructed from lung tissue obtainedfrom a 2-year-old male (specimen #RU95-09-0664; International Instituteof Advanced Medicine, Exton Pa.) who died of anoxia. The cells werelysed using a Brinkmann Homogenizer Polytron PT-3000 (BrinkmannInstruments, Westbury N.J.) in guanidinium isothiocyanate solution. Thelysate was centrifuged over a 5.7 M CsCl cushion using a Beckman SW28rotor in a Beckman L8-70M Ultracentrifuge (Beckman Instruments) for 18hours at 25,000 rpm at ambient temperature. The RNA was extracted withphenol chloroform pH 4.0, precipitated using 0.3 M sodium acetate and2.5 volumes of ethanol, resuspended in RNAse-free water and DNasetreated at 37° C. The RNA was re-extracted with phenol chloroform pH 8.0and precipitated using sodium acetate and ethanol as before. The mRNAwas then isolated using the Qiagen Oligotex kit (QIAGEN Inc, Chatsworth,Calif.) and used to construct the cDNA library.

The mRNA was handled according to the recommended protocols in theSuperScript Plasmid System for cDNA Synthesis and Plasmid Cloning (Cat.#18248-013; Gibco/BRL). cDNAs were fractionated on a Sepharose CL4Bcolumn (Cat. #275105; Pharmacia), and those cDNAs exceeding 400 bp wereligated into pSport I. The plasmid pSport I was subsequently transformedinto DH5α™ competent cells (Cat. #18258-012; Gibco/BRL).

II Isolation and Sequencing of cDNA Clones

Plasmid DNA was released from the cells and purified using the REAL Prep96 Plasmid Kit (Catalog #26173; QIAGEN Inc,). This kit enables thesimultaneous purification of 96 samples in a 96-well block usingmulti-channel reagent dispensers. The recommended protocol was employedexcept for the following changes: 1) the bacteria were cultured in 1 mlof sterile Terrific Broth (Catalog #22711, LIFE TECHNOLOGIES™,Gaithersburg, Md.) with carbenicillin at 25 mg/L and glycerol at 0.4%;2) the cultures were incubated for 19 hours after the wells wereinoculated and then lysed with 0.3 ml of lysis buffer; 3) followingisopropanol precipitation, the plasmid DNA pellet was resuspended in 0.1ml of distilled water. After the last step in the protocol, samples weretransferred to a Beckman 96-well block for storage.

The cDNAs were sequenced by the method of Sanger F and A R Coulson(1975; J Mol Biol 94: 441 f), using a Hamilton Micro Lab 2200 (Hamilton,Reno NEV.) in combination with Peltier Thermal Cyclers (PTC200 from MJResearch, Watertown Mass.) and Applied Biosystems 377 DNA SequencingSystems; and the reading frame was determined.

III Homology Searching of cDNA Clones and Their Deduced Proteins

Each cDNA was compared to sequences in GenBank using a search algorithmdeveloped by Applied Biosystems and incorporated into the INHERIT™ 670sequence analysis system. In this algorithm, Pattern SpecificationLanguage (TRW Inc, Los Angeles, Calif.) was used to determine regions ofhomology. The three parameters that determine how the sequencecomparisons run were window size, window offset, and error tolerance.Using a combination of these three parameters, the DNA database wassearched for sequences containing regions of homology to the querysequence, and the appropriate sequences were scored with an initialvalue. Subsequently, these homologous regions were examined using dotmatrix homology plots to distinguish regions of homology from chancematches. Smith-Waterman alignments were used to display the results ofthe homology search.

Peptide and protein sequence homologies were ascertained using theINHERIT-670 sequence analysis system using the methods similar to thoseused in DNA sequence homologies. Pattern Specification Language andparameter windows were used to search protein databases for sequencescontaining regions of homology which were scored with an initial value.Dot-matrix homology plots were examined to distinguish regions ofsignificant homology from chance matches.

BLAST, which stands for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (Altschul, S.F. (1993) J. Mol. Evol. 36: 290-300; Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol.Biol. 215: 403-410), was used to search for local sequence alignments.BLAST produces alignments of both nucleotide and amino acid sequences todetermine sequence similarity. Because of the local nature of thealignments, BLAST is especially useful in determining exact matches orin identifying homologs. BLAST is useful for matches which do notcontain gaps. The fundamental unit of BLAST algorithm output is theHigh-scoring Segment Pair (HSP).

An HSP consists of two sequence fragments of arbitrary but equal lengthswhose alignment is locally maximal and for which the alignment scoremeets or exceeds a threshold or cutoff score set by the user. The BLASTapproach is to look for HSPs between a query sequence and a databasesequence, to evaluate the statistical significance of any matches found,and to report only those matches which satisfy the user-selectedthreshold of significance. The parameter E establishes the statisticallysignificant threshold for reporting database sequence matches. E isinterpreted as the upper bound of the expected frequency of chanceoccurrence of an HSP (or set of HSPs) within the context of the entiredatabase search. Any database sequence whose match satisfies E isreported in the program output.

IV Northern Analysis

Northern analysis is a laboratory technique used to detect the presenceof a transcript of a gene and involves the hybridization of a labelednucleotide sequence to a membrane on which RNAs from a particular celltype or tissue have been bound (Sambrook et al., supra).

Analogous computer techniques using BLAST (Altschul, S. F. 1993 and1990, supra) are used to search for identical or related molecules innucleotide databases such as GenBank or the LIFESEQ® database (IncytePharmaceuticals). This analysis is much faster than multiple,membrane-based hybridizations. In addition, the sensitivity of thecomputer search can be modified to determine whether any particularmatch is categorized as exact or homologous.

The basis of the search is the product score which is defined as:##EQU1## The product score takes into account both the degree ofsimilarity between two sequences and the length of the sequence match.For example, with a product score of 40, the match will be exact withina 1-2% error; and at 70, the match will be exact. Homologous moleculesare usually identified by selecting those which show product scoresbetween 15 and 40, although lower scores may identify related molecules.

The results of northern analysis are reported as a list of libraries inwhich the transcript encoding HPYP occurs. Abundance and percentabundance are also reported. Abundance directly reflects the number oftimes a particular transcript is represented in a cDNA library, andpercent abundance is abundance divided by the total number of sequencesexamined in the cDNA library.

V Extension of HPYP-Encoding Polynucleotides to Full Length or toRecover Regulatory Sequences

Full length HPYP-encoding nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) is used todesign oligonucleotide primers for extending a partial nucleotidesequence to full length or for obtaining 5' or 3', intron or othercontrol sequences from genomic libraries. One primer is synthesized toinitiate extension in the antisense direction (XLR) and the other issynthesized to extend sequence in the sense direction (XLF). Primers areused to facilitate the extension of the known sequence "outward"generating amplicons containing new, unknown nucleotide sequence for theregion of interest. The initial primers are designed from the cDNA usingOLIGO 4.06 (National Biosciences), or another appropriate program, to be22-30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of 50% or more, and toanneal to the target sequence at temperatures about 68°-72° C. Anystretch of nucleotides which would result in hairpin structures andprimer-primer dimerizations is avoided.

The original, selected cDNA libraries, or a human genomic library areused to extend the sequence; the latter is most useful to obtain 5'upstream regions. If more extension is necessary or desired, additionalsets of primers are designed to further extend the known region.

By following the instructions for the XL-PCR kit (Perkin Elmer) andthoroughly mixing the enzyme and reaction mix, high fidelityamplification is obtained. Beginning with 40 pmol of each primer and therecommended concentrations of all other components of the kit, PCR isperformed using the Peltier Thermal Cycler (PTC200; M. J. Research,Watertown, Mass.) and the following parameters:

    ______________________________________                                        Step 1       94° C. for 1 min (initial denaturation)                                 Step 2 65° C. for 1 min                                    Step 3 68° C. for 6 min                                                Step 4 94° C. for 15 sec                                               Step 5 65° C. for 1 min                                                Step 6 68° C. for 7 min                                                Step 7 Repeat step 4-6 for 15 additional cycles                               Step 8 94° C. for 15 sec                                               Step 9 65° C. for 1 min                                                Step 10 68° C. for 7:15 min                                            Step 11 Repeat step 8-10 for 12 cycles                                        Step 12 72° C. for 8 min                                               Step 13 4° C. (and holding)                                          ______________________________________                                    

A 5-10 μl aliquot of the reaction mixture is analyzed by electrophoresison a low concentration (about 0.6-0.8%) agarose mini-gel to determinewhich reactions were successful in extending the sequence. Bands thoughtto contain the largest products are selected and removed from the gel.Further purification involves using a commercial gel extraction methodsuch as QIAQUICK™ (QIAGEN Inc.). After recovery of the DNA, Klenowenzyme is used to trim single-stranded, nucleotide overhangs creatingblunt ends which facilitate religation and cloning.

After ethanol precipitation, the products are redissolved in 13 μl ofligation buffer, 1 μl T4-DNA ligase (15 units) and 1 μl T4polynucleotide kinase are added, and the mixture is incubated at roomtemperature for 2-3 hours or overnight at 16° C. Competent E. coli cells(in 40 μl of appropriate media) are transformed with 3 μl of ligationmixture and cultured in 80 μl of SOC medium (Sambrook et al., supra).After incubation for one hour at 37° C., the whole transformationmixture is plated on Luria Bertani (LB)-agar (Sambrook et al., supra)containing 2×Carb. The following day, several colonies are randomlypicked from each plate and cultured in 150 μl of liquid LB/2×Carb mediumplaced in an individual well of an appropriate, commercially-available,sterile 96-well microtiter plate. The following day, 5 μl of eachovernight culture is transferred into a non-sterile 96-well plate andafter dilution 1:10 with water, 5 μl of each sample is transferred intoa PCR array.

For PCR amplification, 18 μl of concentrated PCR reaction mix (3.3×)containing 4 units of rTth DNA polymerase, a vector primer, and one orboth of the gene specific primers used for the extension reaction areadded to each well. Amplification is performed using the followingconditions:

    ______________________________________                                        Step 1     94° C. for 60 sec                                             Step 2 94° C. for 20 sec                                               Step 3 55° C. for 30 sec                                               Step 4 72° C. for 90 sec                                               Step 5 Repeat steps 2-4 for an additional 29 cycles                           Step 6 72° C. for 180 sec                                              Step 7 4° C. (and holding)                                           ______________________________________                                    

Aliquots of the PCR reactions are run on agarose gels together withmolecular weight markers. The sizes of the PCR products are compared tothe original partial cDNAs, and appropriate clones are selected, ligatedinto plasmid, and sequenced.

VI Labeling and Use of Hybridization Probes

Hybridization probes derived from SEQ ID NO:2 are employed to screencDNAs, genomic DNAs, or mRNAs. Although the labeling ofoligonucleotides, consisting of about 20 base-pairs, is specificallydescribed, essentially the same procedure is used with larger cDNAfragments. Oligonucleotides are designed using state-of-the-art softwaresuch as OLIGO 4.06 (National Biosciences), labeled by combining 50 pmolof each oligomer and 250 μCi of [γ-³² P] adenosine triphosphate(Amersham) and T4 polynucleotide kinase (DuPont NEN®, Boston, Mass.).The labeled oligonucleotides are substantially purified with SephadexG-25 superfine resin column (Pharmacia & Upjohn). A portion containing10⁷ counts per minute of each of the sense and antisenseoligonucleotides is used in a typical membrane based hybridizationanalysis of human genomic DNA digested with one of the followingendonucleases (Ase I, Bgl II, Eco RI, Pst I, Xba 1, or Pvu II; DuPontNEN®).

The DNA from each digest is fractionated on a 0.7 percent agarose geland transferred to nylon membranes (Nytran Plus, Schleicher & Schuell,Durham, N.H.). Hybridization is carried out for 16 hours at 40° C. Toremove nonspecific signals, blots are sequentially washed at roomtemperature under increasingly stringent conditions up to 0.1×salinesodium citrate and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. After XOMAT AR™ film(Kodak, Rochester, N.Y.) is exposed to the blots in a Phosphoimagercassette (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.) for several hours,hybridization patterns are compared visually.

VII Antisense Molecules

Antisense molecules to the HPYP-encoding sequence, or any part thereof,is used to inhibit in vivo or in vitro expression of naturally occurringHPYP. Although use of antisense oligonucleotides, comprising about 20base-pairs, is specifically described, essentially the same procedure isused with larger cDNA fragments. An oligonucleotide based on the codingsequences of HPYP, as shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D is used toinhibit expression of naturally occurring HPYP. The complementaryoligonucleotide is designed from the most unique 5' sequence as shown inFIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D and used either to inhibit transcription bypreventing promoter binding to the up stream nontranslated sequence ortranslation of an HPYP-encoding transcript by preventing the ribosomefrom binding. Using an appropriate portion of the signal and 5' sequenceof SEQ ID NO:2, an effective antisense oligonucleotide includes any15-20 nucleotides spanning the region which translates into the signalor 5' coding sequence of the polypeptide as shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1Cand 1D.

VIII Expression of HPYP

Expression of HPYP is accomplished by subcloning the cDNAs intoappropriate vectors and transforming the vectors into host cells. Inthis case, the cloning vector, pSport, previously used for thegeneration of the DNA library is used to express HPYP in E. coli.upstream of the cloning site, this vector contains a promoter forβ-galactosidase, followed by sequence containing the amino-terminal Met,and the subsequent seven residues of β-galactosidase. Immediatelyfollowing these eight residues is a bacteriophage promoter useful fortranscription and a linker containing a number of unique restrictionsites.

Induction of an isolated, transformed bacterial strain with IPTG usingstandard methods produces a fusion protein which consists of the firsteight residues of β-galactosidase, about 5 to 15 residues of linker, andthe full length protein. The signal residues direct the secretion ofHPYP into the bacterial growth media which can be used directly in thefollowing assay for activity.

IX Demonstration of HPYP Activity

HPYP activity is measured by the hydrolysis of ³² P-labeled PPi andquantitation of the recovered radioactivity using a gamma radioisotopecounter. HPYP is incubated together with PPi in a PPase buffercontaining 1-3 MM MgCl₂ and incubated at 37° C. for 10 minutes. PPi andPi are then separated by polyethyleneimine cellulose thin layerchromatography in 1M KH₂ PO₄ and the Pi fraction is isolated andcounted. The radioactivity recovered is proportional to the enzymeactivity.

X Production of HPYP Specific Antibodies

HPYP that is substantially purified using PAGE electrophoresis(Sambrook, supra), or other purification techniques, is used to immunizerabbits and to produce antibodies using standard protocols. The aminoacid sequence deduced from SEQ ID NO:2 is analyzed using DNASTARsoftware (DNASTAR Inc) to determine regions of high immunogenicity and acorresponding oligopolypeptide is synthesized and used to raiseantibodies by means known to those of skill in the art. Selection ofappropriate epitopes, such as those near the C-terminus or inhydrophilic regions, is described by Ausubel et al. (supra), and others.

Typically, the oligopeptides are 15 residues in length, synthesizedusing an Applied Biosystems Peptide Synthesizer Model 431A usingfmoc-chemistry, and coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH, Sigma,St. Louis, Mo.) by reaction with N-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimideester (MBS; Ausubel et al., supra). Rabbits are immunized with theoligopeptide-KLH complex in complete Freund's adjuvant. The resultingantisera are tested for antipeptide activity, for example, by bindingthe peptide to plastic, blocking with 1% BSA, reacting with rabbitantisera, washing, and reacting with radioiodinated, goat anti-rabbitIgG.

XI Purification of Naturally Occurring HPYP Using Specific Antibodies

Naturally occurring or recombinant HPYP is substantially purified byimmunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for HPYP. Animmunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently coupling HPYPantibody to an activated chromatographic resin, such as CnBr-activatedSepharose (Pharmacia & Upjohn). After the coupling, the resin is blockedand washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Media containing HPYP is passed over the immunoaffinity column, and thecolumn is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbanceof HPYP (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence ofdetergent). The column is eluted under conditions that disruptantibody/HPYP binding (eg, a buffer of pH 2-3 or a high concentration ofa chaotrope, such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and HPYP is collected.

XII Identification of Molecules Which Interact with HPYP

HPYP or biologically active fragments thereof are labeled with ¹²⁵ IBolton-Hunter reagent (Bolton et al. (1973) Biochem. J. 133: 529).Candidate molecules previously arrayed in the wells of a multi-wellplate are incubated with the labeled HPYP, washed and any wells withlabeled HPYP complex are assayed. Data obtained using differentconcentrations of HPYP are used to calculate values for the number,affinity, and association of HPYP with the candidate molecules.

All publications and patents mentioned in the above specification areherein incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variationsof the described method and system of the invention will be apparent tothose skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit ofthe invention. Although the invention has been described in connectionwith specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that theinvention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specificembodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes forcarrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled inmolecular biology or related fields are intended to be within the scopeof the following claims.

    __________________________________________________________________________    #             SEQUENCE LISTING                                                   - -  - - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                             - -    (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 5                                           - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                     - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                 (A) LENGTH: 289 amino - #acids                                                (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                          (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                      (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                 - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                           - -    (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:                                                         (A) LIBRARY:                                                                  (B) CLONE: Consensus                                                 - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:                               - - Met Ser Gly Phe Ser Thr Glu Glu Arg Ala Al - #a Pro Phe Ser Leu        Glu                                                                              1               5  - #                10  - #                15              - - Tyr Arg Val Phe Leu Lys Asn Glu Lys Gly Gl - #n Tyr Ile Ser Pro Phe                  20      - #            25      - #            30                   - - His Asp Ile Pro Ile Tyr Ala Asp Lys Asp Va - #l Phe His Met Val Val              35          - #        40          - #        45                       - - Glu Val Pro Arg Trp Ser Asn Ala Lys Met Gl - #u Ile Ala Thr Lys Asp          50              - #    55              - #    60                           - - Pro Leu Asn Pro Ile Lys Gln Asp Val Lys Ly - #s Gly Lys Leu Arg Tyr      65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80        - - Val Ala Asn Leu Phe Pro Tyr Lys Gly Tyr Il - #e Trp Asn Tyr Gly Ala                      85  - #                90  - #                95               - - Ile Pro Gln Thr Trp Glu Asp Pro Gly His As - #n Asp Lys His Thr Gly                  100      - #           105      - #           110                  - - Cys Cys Gly Asp Asn Asp Pro Ile Asp Val Cy - #s Glu Ile Gly Ser Lys              115          - #       120          - #       125                      - - Val Cys Ala Arg Gly Glu Ile Ile Gly Val Ly - #s Val Leu Gly Ile Leu          130              - #   135              - #   140                          - - Ala Met Ile Asp Glu Gly Glu Thr Asp Trp Ly - #s Val Ile Ala Ile Asn      145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -      #60                                                                              - - Val Asp Asp Pro Asp Ala Ala Asn Tyr Asn As - #p Ile Asn Asp Val        Lys                                                                                             165  - #               170  - #               175             - - Arg Leu Lys Pro Gly Tyr Leu Glu Ala Thr Va - #l Asp Trp Phe Arg Arg                  180      - #           185      - #           190                  - - Tyr Lys Val Pro Asp Gly Lys Pro Glu Asn Gl - #u Phe Ala Phe Asn Ala              195          - #       200          - #       205                      - - Glu Phe Lys Asp Lys Asp Phe Ala Ile Asp Il - #e Ile Lys Ser Thr His          210              - #   215              - #   220                          - - Asp His Trp Lys Ala Leu Val Thr Lys Lys Th - #r Asn Gly Lys Gly Ile      225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -      #40                                                                              - - Ser Cys Met Asn Thr Thr Leu Ser Glu Ser Pr - #o Phe Lys Cys Asp        Pro                                                                                             245  - #               250  - #               255             - - Asp Ala Ala Arg Ala Ile Val Asp Ala Leu Pr - #o Pro Pro Cys Glu Ser                  260      - #           265      - #           270                  - - Ala Cys Thr Val Pro Thr Asp Val Asp Lys Tr - #p Phe His His Gln Lys              275          - #       280          - #       285                      - - Asn                                                                       - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:                                     - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                 (A) LENGTH: 1275 base - #pairs                                                (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                        (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                      (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                 - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA                                              - -    (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:                                                         (A) LIBRARY:                                                                  (B) CLONE: Consensus                                                 - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:                               - - CAAGAGGTTN GGGGCTCTCT CCTTGTCAGT CGGCGCCGCG TGCGGGCTGG TG -             #GCTCTGTG     60                                                                 - - GCAGCGGCGG CGGCAGGACT CCGGCACTAT GAGCGGCTTC AGCACCGAGG AG -            #CGCGCCGC    120                                                                 - - GCCCTTCTCC CTGGAGTACC GAGTCTTCCT CAAAAATGAG AAAGGACAAT AT -            #ATATCTCC    180                                                                 - - ATTTCATGAT ATTCCAATTT ATGCAGATAA GGATGTGTTT CACATGGTAG TT -            #GAAGTACC    240                                                                 - - ACGCTGGTCT AATGCAAAAA TGGAGATTGC TACAAAGGAC CCTTTAAACC CT -            #ATTAAACA    300                                                                 - - AGATGTGAAA AAAGGAAAAC TTCGCTATGT TGCGAATTTG TTCCCGTATA AA -            #GGATATAT    360                                                                 - - CTGGAACTAT GGTGCCATCC CTCAGACTTG GGAAGACCCA GGGCACAATG AT -            #AAACATAC    420                                                                 - - TGGCTGTTGT GGTGACAATG ACCCAATTGA TGTGTGTGAA ATTGGAAGCA AG -            #GTATGTGC    480                                                                 - - AAGAGGTGAA ATAATTGGCG TGAAAGTTCT AGGCATATTG GCTATGATTG AC -            #GAAGGGGA    540                                                                 - - AACCGACTGG AAAGTCATTG CCATTAATGT GGATGATCCT GATGCAGCCA AT -            #TATAATGA    600                                                                 - - TATCAATGAT GTCAAACGGC TGAAACCTGG CTACTTAGAA GCTACTGTGG AC -            #TGGTTTAG    660                                                                 - - AAGGTATAAG GTTCCTGATG GAAAACCAGA AAATGAGTTT GCGTTTAATG CA -            #GAATTTAA    720                                                                 - - AGATAAGGAC TTTGCCATTG ATATTATTAA AAGCACTCAT GACCATTGGA AA -            #GCATTAGT    780                                                                 - - GACTAAGAAA ACGAATGGAA AAGGAATCAG TTGCATGAAT ACAACTTTGT CT -            #GAGAGCCC    840                                                                 - - CTTCAAGTGT GATCCTGATG CTGCCAGAGC CATTGTGGAT GCTTTACCAC CA -            #CCCTGTGA    900                                                                 - - ATCTGCCTGC ACAGTACCAA CAGACGTGGA TAAGTGGTTC CATCACCAGA AA -            #AACTAATG    960                                                                 - - AGATTTCTCT GGAATACAAG CTGATATTGC TACATCGTGT TCATCTGGAT GT -            #ATTAGAAG   1020                                                                 - - TAAAAGTAGT AGCTTTTCAA AGCTTTAAAT TTGTAGAACT CATCTAACTA AA -            #GTAAATTC   1080                                                                 - - TGCTGTGACT AATCCAATAT ACTCAGAATG TTATCCATCT AAAGCATTTT TC -            #ATATCTCA   1140                                                                 - - ACTAAGATAA CTTTTAGCAC ATGCTTAAAT ATCAAAGCAG TTGTCATTTG GA -            #AGTCACTT   1200                                                                 - - GTGAATAGAT GTGCAAGGGG AGCACATATT GGATGTATAT GTTACCATAT GT -            #TAGGAAAT   1260                                                                 - - AAAATTATTT TGCTG              - #                  - #                      - #  1275                                                                  - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:                                     - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                 (A) LENGTH: 114 amino - #acids                                                (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                          (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                      (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                 - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                           - -    (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:                                                         (A) LIBRARY: GenBank                                                          (B) CLONE: 727225                                                    - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:                               - - Asn Ile Phe Pro Tyr Lys Gly Tyr Ile Trp As - #n Tyr Gly Thr Leu Pro       1               5  - #                10  - #                15               - - Gln Thr Trp Glu Asp Pro His Glu Lys Asp Ly - #s Ser Thr Asn Cys Phe                  20      - #            25      - #            30                   - - Gly Asp Asn Asp Pro Ile Asp Val Cys Glu Il - #e Gly Ser Lys Ile Leu              35          - #        40          - #        45                       - - Ser Cys Gly Glu Val Ile His Val Lys Ile Le - #u Gly Ile Leu Ala Leu          50              - #    55              - #    60                           - - Ile Asp Glu Gly Glu Thr Asp Trp Lys Leu Il - #e Ala Ile Asn Ala Asn      65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80        - - Asp Pro Glu Ala Ser Lys Phe His Asp Ile As - #p Asp Val Lys Lys Phe                      85  - #                90  - #                95               - - Lys Pro Gly Tyr Leu Glu Ala Thr Leu Asn Tr - #p Phe Arg Leu Tyr Lys                  100      - #           105      - #           110                  - - Val Pro                                                                   - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:                                     - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                 (A) LENGTH: 289 amino - #acids                                                (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                          (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                      (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                 - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                           - -    (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:                                                         (A) LIBRARY: GenBank                                                          (B) CLONE: 585322                                                    - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:                               - - Met Ser Ser Phe Ser Ser Glu Glu Arg Ala Al - #a Pro Phe Thr Leu Glu       1               5  - #                10  - #                15               - - Tyr Arg Val Phe Leu Lys Asn Glu Lys Gly Gl - #n Tyr Ile Ser Pro Phe                  20      - #            25      - #            30                   - - His Asp Ile Pro Ile Tyr Ala Asp Lys Glu Va - #l Phe His Met Val Val              35          - #        40          - #        45                       - - Glu Val Pro Arg Trp Ser Asn Ala Lys Met Gl - #u Ile Ala Thr Lys Asp          50              - #    55              - #    60                           - - Pro Leu Asn Pro Ile Lys Gln Asp Val Lys Ly - #s Gly Lys Leu Arg Tyr      65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80        - - Val Ala Asn Leu Phe Pro Tyr Lys Gly Tyr Il - #e Trp Asn Tyr Gly Ala                      85  - #                90  - #                95               - - Ile Pro Gln Thr Trp Glu Asp Pro Gly His As - #n Asp Lys His Thr Gly                  100      - #           105      - #           110                  - - Cys Cys Gly Asp Asn Asp Pro Ile Asp Val Cy - #s Glu Ile Gly Ser Lys              115          - #       120          - #       125                      - - Val Cys Ala Arg Gly Glu Ile Ile Arg Val Ly - #s Val Leu Gly Ile Leu          130              - #   135              - #   140                          - - Ala Met Ile Asp Glu Gly Glu Thr Asp Trp Ly - #s Val Ile Ala Ile Asn      145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -      #60                                                                              - - Val Glu Asp Pro Asp Ala Ala Asn Tyr Asn As - #p Ile Asn Asp Val        Lys                                                                                             165  - #               170  - #               175             - - Arg Leu Lys Pro Gly Tyr Leu Glu Ala Thr Va - #l Asp Trp Phe Arg Arg                  180      - #           185      - #           190                  - - Tyr Lys Val Pro Asp Gly Lys Pro Glu Asn Gl - #u Phe Ala Phe Asn Ala              195          - #       200          - #       205                      - - Glu Phe Lys Asp Lys Asn Phe Ala Ile Asp Il - #e Ile Glu Ser Thr His          210              - #   215              - #   220                          - - Asp Tyr Trp Arg Ala Leu Val Thr Lys Lys Th - #r Asp Gly Lys Gly Ile      225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -      #40                                                                              - - Ser Cys Met Asn Thr Thr Val Ser Glu Ser Pr - #o Phe Gln Cys Asp        Pro                                                                                             245  - #               250  - #               255             - - Asp Ala Ala Lys Ala Ile Val Asp Ala Leu Pr - #o Pro Pro Cys Glu Ser                  260      - #           265      - #           270                  - - Ala Cys Thr Ile Pro Thr Asp Val Asp Lys Tr - #p Phe His His Gln Lys              275          - #       280          - #       285                      - - Asn                                                                       - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:                                     - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                 (A) LENGTH: 287 amino - #acids                                                (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                          (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                      (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                 - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide                                           - -    (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE:                                                         (A) LIBRARY: GenBank                                                          (B) CLONE: 4199                                                      - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:                               - - Met Thr Tyr Thr Thr Arg Gln Ile Gly Ala Ly - #s Asn Thr Leu Glu Tyr       1               5  - #                10  - #                15               - - Lys Val Tyr Ile Glu Lys Asp Gly Lys Pro Va - #l Ser Ala Phe His Asp                  20      - #            25      - #            30                   - - Ile Pro Leu Tyr Ala Asp Lys Glu Asn Asn Il - #e Phe Asn Met Val Val              35          - #        40          - #        45                       - - Glu Ile Pro Arg Trp Thr Asn Ala Lys Leu Gl - #u Ile Thr Lys Glu Glu          50              - #    55              - #    60                           - - Thr Leu Asn Pro Ile Ile Gln Asp Thr Lys Ly - #s Gly Lys Leu Arg Phe      65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80        - - Val Arg Asn Cys Phe Pro His His Gly Tyr Il - #e His Asn Tyr Gly Ala                      85  - #                90  - #                95               - - Phe Pro Gln Thr Trp Glu Asp Pro Asn Val Se - #r His Pro Glu Thr Lys                  100      - #           105      - #           110                  - - Ala Val Gly Asp Asn Asp Pro Ile Asp Val Le - #u Glu Ile Gly Glu Thr              115          - #       120          - #       125                      - - Ile Ala Tyr Thr Gly Gln Val Lys Gln Val Ly - #s Ala Leu Gly Ile Met          130              - #   135              - #   140                          - - Ala Leu Leu Asp Glu Gly Glu Thr Asp Trp Ly - #s Val Ile Ala Ile Asp      145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -      #60                                                                              - - Ile Asn Asp Pro Leu Ala Pro Lys Leu Asn As - #p Ile Glu Asp Val        Glu                                                                                             165  - #               170  - #               175             - - Lys Tyr Phe Pro Gly Leu Leu Arg Ala Thr As - #n Glu Trp Phe Arg Ile                  180      - #           185      - #           190                  - - Tyr Lys Ile Pro Asp Gly Lys Pro Glu Asn Gl - #n Phe Ala Phe Ser Gly              195          - #       200          - #       205                      - - Glu Ala Lys Asn Lys Lys Tyr Ala Leu Asp Il - #e Ile Lys Glu Thr His          210              - #   215              - #   220                          - - Asp Ser Trp Lys Gln Leu Ile Ala Gly Lys Se - #r Ser Asp Ser Lys Gly      225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -      #40                                                                              - - Ile Asp Leu Thr Asn Val Thr Leu Pro Asp Th - #r Pro Thr Tyr Ser        Lys                                                                                             245  - #               250  - #               255             - - Ala Ala Ser Asp Ala Ile Pro Pro Ala Ser Le - #u Lys Ala Asp Ala Pro                  260      - #           265      - #           270                  - - Ile Asp Lys Ser Ile Asp Lys Trp Phe Phe Il - #e Ser Gly Ser Val                  275          - #       280          - #       285                    __________________________________________________________________________

What is claimed is:
 1. A purified human pyrophosphatase (HPYP) free ofother human proteins, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.2. The HPYP of claim 1, wherein the HPYP is recombinantly produced. 3.The HPYP of claim 1, wherein the HPYP is synthetically produced.
 4. TheHPYP of claim 1, wherein the HPYP is joined to a polypeptide domainwhich facilitates purification of the HPYP.
 5. A composition comprisingthe purified HPYP of claim 1 and an acceptable carrier.